Bituminous paving composition and process for bituminous paving

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a bituminous composition, a process for preparing a bituminous paving composition and process for bituminous paving having lower mixing, paving, and compaction temperatures than for conventional hot-mix paving while retaining sufficient performance characteristics of conventional hot-mix paving. The inventive paving process comprises the steps of injecting a foamable solution comprising a lubricating substance into a heated, asphalt binder to provide a heated, foamed mixture; adding the heated, foamed mixture to a suitable, heated aggregate; further mixing the heated, foamed mixture and heated aggregate to coat the heated aggregate with the heated, foamed, asphalt binder to form a heated paving material; supplying the heated paving material to a paving machine; applying the heated paving material by the paving machine to a surface to be paved; and compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/374,747, filed Mar. 14, 2006 and entitled “Bituminous Paving Composition and Process for Bituminous Paving” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/716,204, filed Sep. 12, 2005 and entitled “Process for Bituminous Paving”, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the present invention relates generally to a bituminous paving composition and to a process of bituminous paving, and more particularly to a bituminous paving composition comprising a combination of a foamed, lubricating substance, an asphalt binder, and an aggregate.

BACKGROUND

Paving roadways, driveways, parking lots, and the like with a bituminous aggregate mixture material is well known. Typically, a mixture of a suitable aggregate comprising stones, gravel, sand, and the like, is heated at an elevated temperature of about 270-370° F. and mixed with a similarly hot, bituminous binder such as an asphalt-based binder (e.g., asphalt or asphalt plus polymer) until the aggregate particles are coated with the binder. Paving mixes made in this temperature range are often referred to as a hot mix. The mixing typically occurs away from the paving site, and the mixture is then hauled to the site and supplied to a paving machine. The mixture of asphalt and aggregate applied by the paving machine to a surface is then usually roller compacted by additional equipment while still at an elevated temperature. The compacted aggregate and asphalt material eventually hardens upon cooling. Because of the large mass of material in paving a roadway or commercial parking lot, the cost of the thermal energy to achieve suitable mixing and paving is considerable. For common binders, the thermoviscosity characteristics of the binder affect the temperature needed to provide thorough coating of the aggregate and consideration of the ambient conditions suitable for paving. Consequently, numerous processes have been devised to optimize aggregate coating and pavement binding while minimizing the cost of materials and/or the process.

As alternatives to hot-mix processes, there are cold-mix processes, where the aggregate, cold and moist, is mixed with a hot or cold binder, which can be an emulsion of asphalt dispersed in water using a suitable surfactant or a mixture of asphalt and a suitable hydrocarbon solvent, such as naphtha, #1 oil, or #2 oil, to name a few (generally referred to as a cutback asphalt). The emulsified asphalt particles coat and bind with the aggregate and remain after the water has evaporated. When a cutback asphalt is used, the hydrocarbon solvent evaporates at different rates depending on the volatility of the solvent. Regardless of the solvent volatility, what remains behind is a paving material where the asphalt component gradually hardens or stiffens over time as the solvent is removed. The binder can alternatively be foamed and mixed with the aggregate to enhance the coating efficacy. While less expensive than hot mixes, cold mixes usually are poorer quality than the hot mixes, and may have poorer binder coating, resulting in less cohesive compaction and durability. Additionally, cutback asphalt mixes have greater environmental impact due to the use of volatile hydrocarbon solvents. Some emulsions also utilize hydrocarbon solvents in addition to water to produce materials suitable for specific applications.

Recently, in an attempt to combine the advantages of hot-mix and cold-mix processes, warm-mix processes have been reported. In one example of a warm-mix process, both “soft” (a component with a lower viscosity than a “hard” component at a given temperature) and “hard” (a component with a higher viscosity than a “soft,” component at a given temperature) components of a bituminous binder are used. The soft component is melted and mixed with aggregate at about 110-265° F., depending on the particular soft component. The heated hard component is then mixed with warm water so as to produce a foam which is mixed with the heated soft component/aggregate mix to achieve a final, coated, paving material. Although a warm-mix paving material can be paved at lower temperatures than hot-mix materials, it requires a more extensive and complex process to produce the warm mix compared to a hot mix.

However the aggregate is coated, if the binder does not adhere well to the aggregate, the binder can separate, or “strip” from the aggregate, causing the material not to remain well-compacted and thereby reducing the overall strength of the pavement. To aid adherence of the binder to the aggregate, the aggregate or more generally the asphalt binder may be treated with an antistripping compound or material (e.g., surfactants) to substantially reduce binder stripping by acting as a binding agent between the aggregate granules and bituminous binder.

Regardless of the aggregate/binder mixing process used, it is essential that the coated paving material not harden together during transport or while in the paving machine or not lack the ability to be compacted to the proper density. Inadequately coated aggregate material, though easy to mix and handle, can cause the paved material not to remain compacted, not to properly support traffic, or not to wear and weather well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a process for bituminous paving suitable for primary construction having significantly lower mixing, paving, and compaction temperatures (temperatures that are 30-80° F. lower) than for conventional hot-mix paving while retaining sufficient hardening, density, and durability characteristics of conventional hot-mix paving. Generally, the inventive process comprises injecting a foamable lubricating solution into a heated, asphalt binder so as to create a foam-containing, asphalt-based mixture; adding the mixture to a heated aggregate; further mixing the foam-containing, asphalt binder mixture and aggregate using, for example, a static mixer, so as to coat the aggregate to form a paving material; applying the paving material to a prepared surface; and then compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface.

The present invention also provides a bituminous paving composition comprising about 0.01-3 wt. %, relative to the weight of the asphalt binder, of a lubricating substance; about 3-9 wt. % asphalt binder; and about 91-97 wt. % aggregate. The lubricating substance is typically about 5-10 wt. % cationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactant, such as soap solids, and about 90-95 wt. % water. Alternative lubricating substances may have a soap solids concentration as low as 1 wt. % and, generally, 30-40% is practical upper limit for pumpability of the soap solution.

The composition may further comprising an antistripping material such as a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline; or a phosphate ester wherein the number of carbon atoms in the antistripping material is in the range of about 7 to 20. Alternatively, other antistripping materials that are known in the art are also suitable. When used in the composition, the amount of antistripping material is in the range of about 0.1%-10% by weight of the lubricating substance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, the inventive process comprises injecting a foamable solution comprising a lubricating substance into a heated, asphalt binder so as to create a heated, foamed mixture; adding the heated, foamed mixture to a suitable aggregate heated to a temperature higher than the temperature of the heated, foamed mixture; further mixing the two so as to coat the heated aggregate with the heated, foamed mixture to form a heated paving material; transferring the heated paving material to a paving machine; applying the heated paving material with the paving machine at a paving temperature to a prepared surface; and then compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface.

One feature of the use of a foamable lubricating solution, such as an aqueous foam, is that its imparted lubricity allows the temperature of the paving material during paving to be significantly lower (e.g., about 30-80° F. lower) than the temperature required to soften the binder to provide similar constructability. Another feature is that an aqueous foam comprising a lubricating substance or material requires much less water to similarly disperse the lubricating material than a normal emulsion or water solution would. Thus, less volume of water has to be delivered, handled, and eventually evaporated from the paved mixture. A suitable lubricating material is a soap. Non-limiting examples of suitable soaps include sodium soaps of fatty acids, sodium soaps of sulfonic acids, ethoxylated nonylphenols, quaternary amine chlorides, and sodium or potassium soaps of tall oils and refined tall oils. Other cationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactants may also be used as suitable lubricating materials.

The substantially lower paving temperature provided by the invention may (1) reduce the cost of thermal energy used, without adversely affecting the paving process or the resultant pavement; (2) reduce emission of volatile components, thereby reducing air pollution; or (2) allow use of a “stiffer” grade of asphalt in the paving material. For example, a more readily available PG 64-22 binder mixed with a lubricating foam may be used instead of a less stiff, PG 58-28 binder at the same warm-mix processing temperatures resulting in a pavement having performance similar to the hot mix pavement produced with the PG 58-28 binder.

Asphalt-based binders include petroleum-based binders. Asphalt binders may include additives, for example, such as polymeric materials. Suitable asphalt-based or asphalt binders include those binders complying with ASTM D-6373, D-3387, or D-946. However, some asphalt binders in substantial but not full compliance with ASTM D-6373, D-3387, or D-946 may be used. The aggregate may comprise reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).

In one embodiment of the present inventive process, the foamable solution is an aqueous solution that comprises a lubricating substance made from a soap. The paving material comprises about 91-97 wt. % aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphalt-based binder. The amount of soap solids used for a given amount of aggregate is about 0.01-3 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt-based binder used.

The heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heated to a temperature that is less than the temperature used to form a conventional hot mix. Depending on the particular asphalt binder that is used, suitable temperatures are in the range of about 180-340° F. Similarly, the suitable aggregate is heated to a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F. and the heated paving material is heated and mixed at a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F. The paving material is paved at a temperature in the range of about 170-290° F., and compacted at a temperature in the range of about 150-270° F. The foamable soap solution can be at any temperature that does not freeze, boil the liquid, or adversely affect the foaming, but it is preferable that its temperature be in the range of about 80-150° F.

This embodiment may be performed by injecting of the foamable solution into a heated, asphalt binder; adding the heated, foamed mixture to a suitable aggregate and mixing to form the heated paving material in situ at or near the work site. One advantage of the invention is that its significantly less volume of liquid used to mix the asphalt binder with the aggregate allows the convenience of in situ processing and reduces the need to transport large volumes of water.

In another embodiment of the inventive process, the aqueous solution comprises about 30 wt. % soap solids and about 70 wt. % water; the asphalt binder comprises # PG 58-28 asphalt; the paving material comprises about 94.5 wt. % aggregate and about 5.5 wt. % # PG 58-28 asphalt binder; and the amount of soap solids used is less than about than 1 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt binder used. For this particular binder, the heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heated to a temperature of about 240-340° F.; the suitable aggregate is heated to a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F.; and the heated paving material is heated and mixed at a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F. The paving material is paved at a temperature in the range of about 170-290° F., and compacted at a temperature in the range of about 150-270° F.

In another embodiment, the aqueous solution comprises about 30 wt. % soap solids and about 70 wt. % water; the asphalt binder comprises # PG 64-22 asphalt; the paving material comprises about 94.5 wt. % aggregate and about 5.5 wt. % # PG 64-22 asphalt binder; and the amount of soap solids used is less than about 1 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt binder used. For this particular asphalt binder, the heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heated to a temperature about 240-340° F.; the suitable aggregate is heated to a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F.; and the heated paving material is heated and mixed at a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F. The paving material is paved at a temperature in the range of about 170-290° F., and compacted at a temperature in the range of about 150-270° F. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture and suitable aggregate may be heated and mixed at higher temperatures and the paving material may also be paved and compacted at a higher temperatures without adversely affecting the performance of the paved material, but doing so would be more costly in heating energy expense.

Typically, the asphalt temperature needs to be higher than the aggregate temperature. Depending on the asphalt grade, the asphalt might need to be as hot as 325° F. or hotter so that it can be pumped and will foam. The aggregate temperature essentially controls the mix temperature since it constitutes approximately 90% of the mix by weight. The aggregate temperature needs to be controlled to the warm-mix range of about 180°-300° F. When mixing aggregate with stiff binders or those containing a polymer, the normal aggregate and mixing temperature could be as hot as 350° F., which is a hot mix, but using the present invention with the same aggregate and binder, the aggregate and mixing temperature could be reduced to 300° F., which is considered a warm mix, without adversely affecting the resulting pavement's performance.

In another embodiment of the inventive process, the foamable solution further comprises an antistripping material. Non-limiting examples of a suitable antistripping material are a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline, or a phosphate ester wherein the number of carbon atoms in these materials is in the range of about 7 to 20.

In yet another embodiment of the inventive process, the aqueous solution further comprises an antistripping material such that the foamable solution comprises about 30 wt. % soap solids, about 5 wt. % antistripping material, and about 65 wt. % water.

EXAMPLES

The following examples provide processing and test data for a number of asphalt binders and aggregates, with and without lubricating substances or agents, that are processed under conventional hot mix conditions and under the process of the present invention.

In these examples, E-1 mix is a specific mix type conforming to State of Wisconsin Department of Transportation (“WIDOT”) requirements for pavements designed to carry up to 1 million Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) over a 20-year design life. The same is true for E-10, except the ESAL value is up to 10 million. The term ESAL is well-known to those working in the bituminous paving industry.

Tall oil soap and refined tall oil soap may be made by reacting the tall oil or refined tall oil typically with sodium or potassium hydroxide by any one of well-known methods to produce soap. Tall oil and refined tall oil are available from Arizona Chemical, Jacksonville, Fla.; Georgia Pacific, Atlanta, Ga.; and MeadWestvaco, Stamford, Conn. Molex antistripping material is a mixture of polycycloaliphatic amines available from Air Products, Allentown, Pa. Alpha Olefin sulfonate is available from Stepan Chemical, Winder, Ga. The choice of asphalt grade is dependent on site-specific variables such as the particular geographical location, local climate, traffic loads, etc.

One test of a paved material's performance is to simulate vehicle traffic stress by the number of repetitive passes a roller supporting a specified weight load must make to cause formation of a rut of a specified depth in the material. Such testing of compacted material produced by the inventive process was done using a testing machine referred to as a Hamburg Wheel Tracking (“HWT”) Tester, also known as a PMW Wheel Tracker, available from Precision Machine and Welding, Salina, Kans. The number of Hamburg passes required to reach a rut depth of 10 mm when the compacted material tested in a dry condition was used for comparative evaluation. The test conditions were 158 lb. wheel load, 52 passes per minute at the test temperature using heated air to achieve the specimen test temperature. Generally, when all other variables are essentially the same, the greater the number of passes, the better the anticipated paving mix performance. Those persons of ordinary skill in the art and familiar with the HWT will recognize paving materials that are suitable for a particular application based on the results that are provided when samples are subjected to these test conditions.

In Table 1, examples where the mixing temperature is in the range of 270-280° F., and the compaction temperature is about 275° F. or higher are considered conventional hot-mixes for the particular binders that were processed and tested; examples where the mixing temperature is in the range of 230-235° F., and the compaction temperature is in the range of 215-220° F. are considered warm-mixes. Thus, examples 1, 4, 6, 7, and 10 are hot-mixes, and the other examples are warm mixes for these binders.

TABLE 1 Surfactant Wt % Surfactant, Example # Aggregate Mix Solution Blend Soap Solids, or Hamburg Passes and Mix Asphalt Temperature and And/or Anti- Anti-strip by Compaction to Rut Depth Formulation Binder Conditions strip Material Wt. of Binder Temperature of 10. mm, Dry #1: E-1 PG 58-28 280° F. aged None None 275° F. 2,361 passes control mix for 2 hrs at at 50° C. at 280° F, lab 275° F. mixed #2: E-1, same PG 58-28 230° F., aged Tall oil soap + 1% 215°-220° F. 1,031 Passes blend as #1, for 30 Molex anti- at 50° C. lab mixed minutes at strip 230° F. #3: E-1, same PG 58-28 230° F., aged Tall oil soap 1% 215°-220° F. 791 passes blend as #1 for 30 at 50° C. minutes at 230° F. #4: E-10 mix PG 58-28 280° F. aged Anti-strip None 275° F. 1,975 passes for 2 hrs at added to at 58.3° C. 275° F. binder, mixing performed at conventional temperature #5: E-10 mix, PG 58-28 230° F., aged Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F. 1,625 passes same as #4 for 30 oil soap + at 57.8° C. minutes at antistrip 230° F. added to soap #6: E-1 mix, PG 58-28 Lab mixed at No additive None 275° F. 3,351 passes control test 280° F., cured at 58.5° C. for 2 hrs. at 275° F. #7: E-1 mix, PG 58-28 Mixed at No additive None 275° F. 5,376 passes same as #6 280° F., cured at 58.4° C. for 4 hrs. at 275° F. #8: E-1 mix, PG 58-28 PG 58-28 + Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F. 981 passes same as #6 soap mixed at oil soap at 58° C. warm test 230° F., cured mix for 30 minutes at 230° F. #9: E-1 mix, PG 64-22 PG 64-22 + Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F. 1,875 passes same as #6 soap mixed at oil soap at 58.3° C. warm test 230° F., cured mix for 30 minutes at 230° F. #10: E-1 mix, PG 58-28 Mixed at None None 275° F. 1,601 passes same as #6 280° F., cured at 58.6° C. for 2 hrs. at 275° F. #11: E-1 mix, PG 64-22 PG 64-22 + Alpha Olefin 1% 215°-220° F. 1,226 passes same as #6 surfactant + sulfonate + surfactant at 58.3° C. warm test anti-strip, lab phosphate solids mix mixed at 230° ester anti- F., cured for strip 30 minutes at 230° F. #12: E-1 mix, PG 64-22 PG 64-22 + Tall oil soap + 1% soap 215°-220° F. 3,351 passes same as #6 soap + anti- amine anti- solids at 58.4° C. warm test strip, lab strip mix mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F., #13: Field PG 64-22 PG 64-22 AC + Refined tall 0.9-1% 210°-220° F. 1,626 passes mix trial, E-1 soap, plant oil soap soap solids at 58.3° C. mix mixed at solution was on field mix 230°-235° F. at ~50° F. at compacted the time of in production laboratory #14: E-10 PG 64-22 E-10 mix + Refined tall 0.046% 215°-220° F. 6,601 passes mix + 15% 15% RAP + oil soap soap solids at 58.5° C. RAP + soap soap, lab mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #15: E-10 PG 64-22 E-10 mix + Refined tall 0.069% 215°-220° F. 5,101 passes mix +15% 15% RAP + oil soap soap solids at 58.5° C. RAP + soap soap, lab mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #16: E-1 mix + PG 64-22 E-1 mix + Refined tall 0.75% soap 215°-220° F. 1,451 passes soap soap, lab oil soap solids at 58.2° C. mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #17: E-1 mix + PG 64-22 E-1 mix + Refined tall 0.075% 215°-220° F. 2,225 passes soap soap, lab oil soap soap solids at 58.2° C. mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #18: E-1 mix + PG 64-22 E-1 mix + Refined tall 0.15% soap 215°-220° F. 1,826 passes soap soap, lab oil soap solids at 58.0° C. mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 min at 230° F. #19: Field PG 64-22 E-1 mix Refined tall 0.97% soap laydown and 1,976 passes mix trial, E-l containing oil soap, solids compaction at at 58.3° C. mix 10% RAP, temperature 210°-225° F. containing PG 64-22 AC + of soap 10% RAP, soap, plant solution in PG 64-22 AC mixed at the field was + soap 230°-240° F. ~35° F.

As the data indicate, generally, using the same binder for the warm-mix as for the hot-mix does not produce the same results but does provide an acceptable paving material. The warm-mix have a lower number of Hamburg passes. This lower number is likely due to the fact that the binder does not age or cure as much during the warm mixing process due to the lower mix temperature and shorter curing time, as shown by comparing examples 1, 2, and 3. Examples 1, 6, and 7 show that curing greatly increases the performance of a hot-mix, and examples 16, 17, and 18 also show increased performance with curing even with decreased soap level. Examples 1 and 4 show that addition of only an antistrip to a hot-mix does not improve the pavement. Example 4 was tested at a slightly higher temperature and indicates an antistrip material increases performance. All other things being equal, as much as a 50% decrease in the number of passes to 10 mm rut depth may occur by increasing the test temperature 8° C. Examples 8 and 9 show that use of the invention with PG64-22, a stiffer binder than PG58-28, results in improved performance. Examples 14 and 15 show that use of the invention with PG64-22, 15% RAP, and a 30-minute cure gives the highest performance pavement. This data indicate that a binder of greater initial stiffness may be used to produce the warm mix to yield performance approximately equal to that of the less stiff binder used to make hot mix. A PG 58-28 binder is less stiff than a PG 64-22 binder, but as the data show, using a PG 64-22 binder in the warm mix produces Hamburg results approximately the same as the PG 58-28 results with the hot mix. Therefore, being able to substitute PG64-22 for P058-28 by using the invention results in suitable pavement. Test results of binder recovered from both hot and warm-mixes, not disclosed, demonstrate the similarity of their properties.

This invention is not to be taken as limited to only the details of the embodiments described herein, as modifications and variations thereof may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as claimed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process of preparing a warm mix paving composition comprising the steps of: a) combining an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution comprising water and a lubricating substance, with an asphalt binder heated to a warm mix temperature of about 230-325° F. to provide a heated foamed asphalt binder, and b) mixing the heated foamed asphalt binder with aggregate heated to a temperature of about 180-300° F. to coat the aggregate and form a warm mix paving composition containing asphalt binder, lubricating substance and aggregate, wherein the process reduces the thermal energy used to achieve suitable mixing and paving compared to a conventional hot mix paving composition prepared from the asphalt binder without the aqueous solution, and without adversely affecting paving using the warm mix paving composition.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the lubricating substance is soap.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the warm mix paving composition comprises about 91-97 wt. % aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphalt binder; and the amount of soap used for a given amount of aggregate is about 0.01-3 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt binder.
 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution comprises about 5-10 wt. % soap solids and about 90-95 wt. % water.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the lubricating substance comprises a cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactant.
 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the warm mix paving composition comprises about 91-97 wt. % aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphalt binder; and the amount of surfactant is about 0.01-3 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt binder.
 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of adding an antistripping material to the warm mix paving composition.
 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of adding to the warm mix paving composition an antistripping material comprising a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline, or a phosphate ester having about 7 to 20 carbon atoms.
 9. The process of claim 1, further comprising adding an antistripping material to the aqueous solution.
 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising adding to the aqueous solution an antistripping material comprising a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline, or a phosphate ester having about 7 to 20 carbon atoms.
 11. The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of applying the warm mix paving composition at a temperature of about 170-290° F. to a prepared surface.
 12. The process of claim 11, further comprising the step of compacting the applied warm mix paving composition at a temperature of about 150-270° F.
 13. A process of preparing a pavement comprising the steps of: a) combining an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution comprising water and a lubricating substance, with an asphalt binder heated to a warm mix temperature of about 230-325° F. to provide a heated foamed asphalt binder, b) mixing the heated foamed asphalt binder with aggregate heated to a temperature of about 180-300° F. to coat the aggregate and form a warm mix paving composition containing asphalt binder, lubricating substance and aggregate, wherein the process reduces the thermal energy to achieve suitable mixing and paving compared to a conventional hot mix paving composition prepared from the asphalt binder without the aqueous solution, and without adversely affecting paving using the warm mix paving composition, c) applying the warm mix paving composition at a temperature of about 170-290° F. to a prepared surface, and d) compacting the applied warm mix paving composition at a temperature of about 150-270° F. 